Choose one of the following topics: Pertussis, Rabies, or Syphilis.
Papers submitted on topics other than the topics listed will be returned to you for revision. The late penalty will apply for revisions.
Here are the guidelines for the paper which are also located in the modules. You should use the bolded titles as your headings. I have added some additional comments as guidance which are highlighted.
Introduction: Analysis of the communicable disease (causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment) to include demographic break down that includes age, gender, race, or other at-risk indicators (data per demographics should include mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence). An introduction should include a statement outlining what you will cover in the paper. Avoid use of \”I\”, \”we\”, \”you\”, etc. Remember, this is a scholarly paper.
Determinants of Health: Define, identify and synthesize the determinants of health as related to the development of the infection. Utilize HP2020. Start this section with a sentence or two defining what determinants of health are. Then discuss how determinants of health relate to your chosen infectious disease.
Epidemiological Triad: Identify and describe all elements of the epidemiological triad: Host factors, agent factors (presence or absence), and environmental factors. Utilize the demographic break down to further describe the triad. Start this section explaining what the epidemiological triad is, what the components are, and why this model is used.
Role of the NP: Succinctly define the role of the nurse practitioner according to a national nurse practitioner organization (National Board of Nursing or AANP, for example) and synthesize the role to the management of infectious diseases (surveillance, primary/secondary/tertiary interventions, reporting, data collecting, data analysis, and follow-up). This includes the integration of a model of practice which supports the implementation of an evidence-based practice.  Refer to your course textbook for models of practice examples.
A few reminders
Check your Turnitin score. Revise if you see high matches. Your 2nd submission is considered your final submission.
Papers are to be no more than 4 pages. If you go over, you may be required to make revisions or have points deducted from your grade.
Papers must be submitted in Word. Other files types such as Pages or a pdf file will not be accepted.
Avoid the use of quotes. Here is the CCN policy on quotes: Papers written for Chamberlain College of Nursing should be the student’s original work and contain no more than one short quotation for every three pages or as designated in the assignment guidelines. Quotations should be avoided if possible. Graduate scholarship should seek to summarize and synthesize sources and evidence. Students should consult with their instructor if unclear about when to include a direct quotation.
References should be published within the past 5 years.
You are to use the APA 7th edition for your work in this course.
Make sure that you use headings to organize your paper. Use the rubric as a guide to determine what headings to use.
Proofread your paper! Reading your paper out loud is a great way to do this.
Please I have also attached a power point sample that contains instruction for this assignment. please follow the instructions strictly
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliations
Infectious Diseases
Pertussis or whooping cough is one of the respiratory illnesses that require the attention of today’s nurse practitioners owing to the negative health complications that it has on the affected persons. The primary cause of pertussis is a bacterium called Bordetella pertussis. The pathogen only affects humans (Decker & Edwards, 2021). The symptoms of pertussis are usually classified based on disease stage. Notably, symptoms of pertussis usually appear approximately 5 to 10 days after coming into contact with the pathogen. Early stage or stage 1 symptoms include; a runny nose, fever, occasional coughs, apnea, and cyanosis in babies (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022). Breathing difficulties, fatigue, and rapid/uncontrolled coughs with a strange “whoop” sound are the symptoms of stage 2 pertussis. The third or recovery stage of the disease is characterized by mild and less rapid coughs (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022). The mode of transmission of Bordetella pertussis is from human to human through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
The complications associated with pertussis include apnea, pneumonia, convulsions, and encephalopathy. Treatment is achieved through antibiotics such as erythromycin and azithromycin (Feng et al., 2021). Pertussis affects people of all age groups but most commonly affects children. Males and females from different racial groups are likely to develop the disease when they are exposed to the pathogen. High incidences and prevalence of the disease are reported in babies aged 1 year and below. This population also has high mortality and morbidity risks with 68% of babies aged 1 year and below being reported to develop life-threatening apnea (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022). This paper will cover determinants of health, epidemiology triad, and the role of a nurse practitioner in relation to pertussis.
Determinants of Health
Social determinants of health have an influence on risk factors for pertussis and on the health outcomes of people affected by the disease. Healthy People 2030 defines social determinants of health as “the conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2022, p.1).” The specific factors within people’s environments that affect their health and well-being include income levels, level of education, access to healthcare services as determined by the availability or lack of health insurance, built environment, and socio-cultural factors.
Social determinants of health relate to mortality, morbidity, incidences, and prevalence of pertussis among populations. For example, incidences and prevalence of pertussis are higher among members of a population with limited health literacy when compared with this with higher health literacy regarding how the disease is spread. People who know that whooping cough is spread when one comes come in contact with infected particles that are spread through cough and sneeze will always cover their mouths when sneezing and coughing to prevent the disease from spreading (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022). Additionally, poverty and lack of health insurance are associated with poor health outcomes and high mortality rates among people infected with pertussis. Again, a strong healthcare system that is able to vaccinate people against pertussis and provide quality and timely treatment to patients plays a key role in preventing and managing the disease (Tandy & Odoi, 2021).
Epidemiological Triad
Epidemiologists are concerned with understanding diseases in relation to time, place, and person. One of the models that help them to explain the relationship among these three concepts is the epidemiological triad. Tsui et al. (2020) define the epidemiological triad as a framework used by scientists to describe the interaction among the external agent or infectious pathogen associated with a disease, the susceptible host or human being who can develop the disease, and the environmental factors that increase the risk of exposure to the external agent. Understanding the epidemiological triad as it applies to pertussis can help healthcare and public health professionals to prevent and effectively manage the condition. For example, Bordetella pertussis is the external agent, a human being is the susceptible host, and socio-economic factors such as poor hygiene are the environmental factors that increase the risk of exposure to the external agent (Decker & Edwards, 2021). The environment related to Bordetella pertussis in that poor hygiene increases a person’s risk of contact with the pathogen. This is related to social determinants of health because poor sanitation increases the risk of exposure to the pathogen.
Role of the Nurse Practitioner
The nurse practitioner plays a key role in improving population health including those who are infected with, as well as those at risk of developing pertussis. The American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP) (2022) outlines the role of a nurse practitioner to include disease diagnosis and management at the hospital level as well as disease prevention and health promotion in communities. As far as the management of infectious diseases such as pertussis is concerned, nurse practitioners lead disease surveillance and the implementation of primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions aimed at protecting populations from suffering negative health outcomes. Nurse practitioners also take part in data collection, data analysis, reporting, and follow-up to monitor populations’ responses to various health programs (Bekemeier et al., 2021). To be successful in these roles, nurse practitioners must utilize practice models that are aligned with situations that they are facing at any given time. An example of a ‘model of practice’ that supports the implementation of evidence-based practice in relation to pertussis management is the value-based care model (O’Reilly-Jacob et al., 2021). The model guides nurse practitioners to provide quality disease prevention and health promotion services to improve patients’ and population health.
References
American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP). (2022). What’s a Nurse Practitioner (NP)? https://www.aanp.org/about/all-about-nps/whats-a-nurse-practitioner
Bekemeier, B., Kuehnert, P., Zahner, S. J., Johnson, K. H., Kaneshiro, J., & Swider, S. M. (2021). A critical gap: Advanced practice nurses focused on the public’s health. Nursing Outlook, 69(5), 865–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2021.03.023
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Pertussis whooping cough). https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/index.html
Decker, M. D., & Edwards, K. M. (2021). Pertussis (Whooping Cough). The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 224(12 Suppl 2), S310–S320. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa469
Feng, Y., Chiu, C. H., Heininger, U., Hozbor, D. F., Tan, T. Q., & von König, C. W. (2021). Emerging macrolide resistance in Bordetella pertussis in mainland China: Findings and warning from the global pertussis initiative. The Lancet Regional Health. Western Pacific, 8, 100098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100098
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2022). Healthy People 2030: Social determinants of health. https://health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/social-determinants-health
O’Reilly-Jacob, M., Perloff, J., Berkowitz, S., & Bock, L. (2021). Nurse practitioner-owned practices and value-based payment. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 34(2), 322–327. https://doi.org/10.1097/JXX.0000000000000635
Tandy, C. B., & Odoi, A. (2021). Geographic disparities and socio-demographic predictors of pertussis risk in Florida. PeerJ, 9, e11902. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11902
Tsui, B., Deng, A., & Pan, S. (2020). COVID-19: Epidemiological factors during aerosol-generating medical procedures. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 131(3), e175–e178. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000005063